Ragam bahasa adalah variasi
bahasa yang pemakaianya berbeda-beda menurut topik yang dibicarakan menurut
hubungan pembicara, kawan bicara, dan orang yang dibicarakan, serta menurut
medium pembicaraan. Bahasa mengalami perubahan seiring dengan perubahan
masyarakat. Perubahan itu berupa variasi-variasi bahasa yang dipakai sesuai
keperluannya. Terbentuknya bahasa oleh kaidah aturan serta pola yang tidak
boleh dilanggar agar tidak menyebabkan gangguan pada komunikasi yang terjadi.
Ragam bahasa di Indonesia sangat
banyak, biasanya berbeda daerah maka berbeda pula bahasa yang digunakan. Ragam bahasa
juga penting untuk diperhatikan, komunikasi bisa dimengerti dan dipahami jika
mempunya ragam bahasa yang sama.
Adapun faktor yang menyebabkan timbulnya keragaman bahasa, diantaranya :
o Faktor Budaya atau letak
Geografis
o Faktor Ilmu pengetahuan
o Faktor Sejarah
Macam-macam Ragam Bahasa :
·
Ragam
Baku adalah ragam bahasa yang oleh penuturnya dipandang sebagai ragam yang
baik. Ragam ini biasa dipakai dalam kalangan terdidik, karya ilmiah, suasana
resmi, atau surat resmi.
·
Ragam
Cakapan (ragam akrab) adalah ragam bahasa yang dipakai apabila pembicara
menganggap kawan bicara sebagai sesama, lebih muda, lebih rendah statusnya atau
apabila topik pembicara bersifat tidak resmi.
·
Ragam
Hormat adalah ragam bahasa yang dipakai apabila lawan bicara orang yang
dihormati, misalnya orang tua dan atasan.
Ragam Kasar adalah ragam bahasa yang digunakan dalam pemakaian tidak resmi di kalangan orang yang saling mengenal.
Ragam Kasar adalah ragam bahasa yang digunakan dalam pemakaian tidak resmi di kalangan orang yang saling mengenal.
·
Ragam
Lisan adalah ragam bahasa yang diungkapkan melalui media lisan, terkait oleh
ruang dan waktu sehingga situasi pengungkapan dapat membantu pemahaman. Bahasa
lisan lebih ekspresif di mana mimik, intonasi, dan gerakan tubuh dapat
bercampur menjadi satu untuk mendukung komunikasi yang dilakukan. Ragam lisan
dapat kita temui, misalnya pada saat orang berpidato atau memberi sambutan,
dalam situasi perkuliahan, ceramah, dan ragam lisan yang non standar, misalnya
dalam percakapan antar teman, di pasar, atau dalam kesempatan non formal
lainnya.
·
Ragam
Resmi adalah ragam bahasa yang dipakai dalam suasana resmi.
·
Ragam
Tulis adalah ragam bahasa yang digunakan melalui media tulis, tidak terkait
ruang dan waktu sehingga diperlukan kelengkapan struktur sampai pada sasaran
secara visual. Ragam tulis pun dapat berupa ragam tulis yang standar maupun non
standar. Ragam tulis yang standar kita temui dalam buku-buku pelajaran, teks,
majalah, surat kabar, poster, iklan. Kita juga dapat menemukan ragam tulis non
standar dalam majalah remaja, iklan, atau poster.
Ragam Bahasa pada bidang tertentu seperti bahasa istilah hukum, bahasa sains, bahasa jurnalistik, dsb.
Ragam Bahasa pada bidang tertentu seperti bahasa istilah hukum, bahasa sains, bahasa jurnalistik, dsb.
Ciri lain ragam tulis :
1.
Santun
2.
Efektif
3.
Ejaan
digunakan sesuai dengan pedoman
4.
Penggunaan
kosa kata pada dasarnya sudah dibakukan
·
Ragam
Bahasa Perorangan atau Idiolek seperti gaya bahasa mantan presiden Soeharto,
gaya bahasa Benyamin S, dan lain sebagainya.
Ragam Bahasa pada kelompok anggota masyarakat suatu wilayah atau dialek seperti dialek bahasa Madura, Medan, Sunda, Bali, Jawa, dan lain sebagainya.
Ragam Bahasa pada kelompok anggota masyarakat suatu golongan sosial seperti ragam bahasa orang akademisi beda dengan ragam bahasa orang-orang jalanan.
Ragam Bahasa pada kelompok anggota masyarakat suatu wilayah atau dialek seperti dialek bahasa Madura, Medan, Sunda, Bali, Jawa, dan lain sebagainya.
Ragam Bahasa pada kelompok anggota masyarakat suatu golongan sosial seperti ragam bahasa orang akademisi beda dengan ragam bahasa orang-orang jalanan.
Ragam Bahasa Ilmiah adalah artikel yang memiliki nilai atau memenuhi kaidah
(syarat) keilmuan. Artinya artikel ilmiah menggunakan metode
ilmiah dalam membahas permasalahan, menyajikan kajian dengan ragam
bahasa dan tata tulis ilmiah, dan menggunakan prinsip-prinsip
keilmuan pada umumnya seperti objektif, logis, empiris, sistematis.
Sementara itu, menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) dapat
diartikan sebagai karya tulis lengkap. Misalnya laporan berita
atau essai dalam majalah atau surat kabar. Artikel imiah juga dapat
diartikan sebagai hasil berpikir ilmiah yang didasarkan pada rencana
yang relatif matang karena akan memudahkan penulis untuk mewujudkan
teks artikel.
Ragam Bahasa Semi Ilmiah adalah karangan ilmu pengatahun yang menyajikan fakta umum dan menurut metodologi penulisan yang baik dan benar, ditulis dengan bahasa konkret, gaya bahasanya formal, kata-katanya tekhnis dan didukung dengan fakta umum yang dapat dibuktikan benar atau tidaknya atau sebuah penulisan yang menyajikan fakta dan fiksi dalam satu tulisan dan penulisannya pun tidak semi formal tetapi tidak sepenuhnya mengikuti metode ilmiah yang sintesis-analitis karena sering dimasukkan karangan non ilmiah. Maksud dari karangan non ilmiah tersebut ialah karena jenis semi ilmiah masih banyak digunakan misal dalam komik, anekdot, dongeng, hikayat, novel, roman dan cerpen. Karakteristiknya adalah berada diantara ilmiah. Bentuk karangan semi ilmiah yaitu artikel, editorial, opini, tips, reportase dan resensi buku. Resensi buku adalah bentuk konbinasi antara uraian, ringkasan dan kritik objektif terhadap sebuah buku. Klasifikasi pembuatan resensi buku ilmiah yaitu ringkasan, deskripsi, kritik, apresiasi, dan praduga.
Ragam Bahasa Non Ilmiah (Fiksi) adalah karangan ilmu pengetahuan yang menyajikan fakta
pribadi dan ditulis menurut metodologi penulisan yang baik dan benar.
Satu ciri yang pasti ada dalam tulisan fiksi adalah isinya yang berupa
kisah rekaan. Kisah rekaan itu dalam praktik penulisannya juga tidak
boleh dibuat sembarangan, unsur-unsur seperti penokohan, plot, konflik,
klimaks, setting dan lainnya. Bentuk karangan non ilmiah adalah dongeng,
cerpen, novel, roman, anekdot, hikayat, cerber, puisi dan naskah drama.
DAFTAR
PUSTAKA
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